iPhone Q&A
Update Published September 22, 2026
All Apple Q&As >> iPhone Q&A (Home)
To be notified of new Q&As, sign up for EveryMac.com's bimonthly or so email list.
How much internal storage does each iPhone have? Can internal storage be expanded? It is possible to add external storage?
All iPhone models use internal flash memory that cannot be expanded.
Well, that's not entirely true. The internal flash memory in the iPhone can be swapped out with higher capacity modules by highly skilled hardware hackers using specialized equipment in places like Huaqiangbei (Shenzhen), but for all practical purposes, the internal flash memory cannot be expanded or upgraded by an end user.
On the other hand, it is quite possible, even easy, to connect external storage to the iPhone. The functionality of the storage varies considerably depending on the iPhone model, though.
On many older iPhone models and some new ones, it is relatively straightforward to use external storage to backup your personal photos and videos -- always make at least two backup copies! -- and then delete them on the iPhone to free up storage space. On some of the newest, high-end iPhone models, it is even possible to shoot ProRes video directly to external storage.
Either option is an especially good idea to cut the cost and potentially avoid the privacy invasive nature of cloud storage operated by a corporate overlord.
Back in the day, it was fairly common for phones from Motorola, Samsung, LG, and others to have a MicroSD slot, but it is quite rare on new devices.
If you're not familiar with the MicroSD standard, it is a tiny flash memory card -- about the same size as a nano SIM -- designed for mobile phones to hold files whether they are music, videos, photos, or apps.
MicroSD makes, or at least made, it possible to inexpensively add more storage to mobile devices. No iPhone models have this capability without a bulky external adapter, though.
Unless you need MicroSD -- or MiniSD -- cards to use elsewhere, directly connected external storage generally is a better option for the iPhone.
Default Internal iPhone Storage (Skip)
The default storage is listed on the specs page for each iPhone, but also follows:
1
All iPhone Models
Internal Storage
1
iPhone (Original/1st Gen/EDGE)
4, 8, 16 GB
1
iPhone 3G
8, 16 GB
1
iPhone 3GS
8, 16, 32 GB*
1
iPhone 3G (China/No Wi-Fi)
8 GB
1
iPhone 3GS (China/No Wi-Fi)
16, 32 GB
1
iPhone 4 (GSM)
16, 32 GB
1
iPhone 4 (GSM, Revision A)
8 GB
1
iPhone 4 (CDMA/Verizon/Sprint)
8, 16, 32 GB
1
iPhone 4S (4s*)
8, 16, 32, 64 GB
1
iPhone 4S (GSM China/WAPI)
8, 16, 32, 64 GB
1
iPhone 5 (GSM/LTE 4, 17/North America)
16, 32, 64 GB
1
iPhone 5 (CDMA/LTE, Sprint/Verizon/KDDI)
16, 32, 64 GB
1
iPhone 5 (GSM/LTE 1, 3, 5/International)
16, 32, 64 GB
1
iPhone 5 (CDMA China/UIM/WAPI)
16, 32, 64 GB
1
iPhone 5 (GSM/LTE/AWS/North America)
16, 32, 64 GB
1
iPhone 5c (GSM/North America/A1532)
8, 16, 32 GB
1
iPhone 5c (CDMA/Verizon/A1532)
8, 16, 32 GB
1
iPhone 5c (CDMA/China Telecom/A1532)
8, 16, 32 GB
1
iPhone 5c (CDMA/US/Japan/A1456)
8, 16, 32 GB
1
iPhone 5c (UK/Europe/Middle East/A1507)
8, 16, 32 GB
1
iPhone 5c (China Unicom/A1526)
8, 16, 32 GB
1
iPhone 5c (Asia Pacific/A1529)
8, 16, 32 GB
1
iPhone 5c (China Mobile/A1516)
8, 16, 32 GB
1
iPhone 5s (GSM/North America/A1533)
16, 32, 64 GB
1
iPhone 5s (CDMA/Verizon/A1533)
16, 32, 64 GB
1
iPhone 5s (CDMA/China Telecom/A1533)
16, 32, 64 GB
1
iPhone 5s (CDMA/US/Japan/A1453)
16, 32, 64 GB
1
iPhone 5s (UK/Europe/Middle East/A1457)
16, 32, 64 GB
1
iPhone 5s (China Unicom/A1528)
16, 32, 64 GB
1
iPhone 5s (Asia Pacific/A1530)
16, 32, 64 GB
1
iPhone 5s (China Mobile/A1518)
16, 32, 64 GB
1
iPhone 6 (GSM/North America/A1549)
16, 32, 64, 128 GB*
1
iPhone 6 (CDMA/Verizon/A1549)
16, 64, 128 GB*
1
iPhone 6 (Global/Sprint/A1586)
16, 32, 64, 128 GB*
1
iPhone 6 (China Mobile/A1589)
16, 64, 128 GB*
1
iPhone 6 Plus (GSM/North America/A1522)
16, 64, 128 GB*
1
iPhone 6 Plus (CDMA/Verizon/A1522)
16, 64, 128 GB*
1
iPhone 6 Plus (Global/Sprint/A1524)
16, 64, 128 GB*
1
iPhone 6 Plus (China Mobile/A1593)
16, 64, 128 GB*
1
iPhone 6s (AT&T/SIM Free/A1633)
16, 32, 64, 128 GB
1
iPhone 6s (Global/A1688)
16, 32, 64, 128 GB
1
iPhone 6s (Mainland China/A1700)
16, 32, 64, 128 GB
1
iPhone 6s (China Mobile/A1691)
16, 32, 64, 128 GB
1
iPhone 6s Plus (AT&T/SIM Free/A1634)
16, 32, 64, 128 GB
1
iPhone 6s Plus (Global/A1687)
16, 32, 64, 128 GB
1
iPhone 6s Plus (Mainland China/A1699)
16, 32, 64, 128 GB
1
iPhone 6s Plus (China Mobile/A1690)
16, 32, 64, 128 GB
1
iPhone SE (United States/A1662)
16, 32, 64, 128 GB*
1
iPhone SE (Global/Sprint/A1723)
16, 32, 64, 128 GB*
1
iPhone SE (China Mobile/A1724)
16, 32, 64, 128 GB*
1
iPhone 7 (Verizon/Sprint/China/A1660)
32, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 7 (AT&T/T-Mobile/Global/A1778)
32, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 7 (Japan/A1779)
32, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 7 (China Mobile/A1780)
32, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 7 Plus (Verizon/Sprint/China/A1661)
32, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 7 Plus (AT&T/T-Mobile/Global/A1784)
32, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 7 Plus (Japan/A1785)
32, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 7 Plus (China Mobile/A1786)
32, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 8 (Verizon/Sprint/China/A1863)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 8 (AT&T/T-Mobile/Global/A1905)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 8 (Japan/A1906)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 8 (China Mobile/A1907)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 8 Plus (Verizon/Sprint/China/A1864)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 8 Plus (AT&T/T-Mobile/Global/A1897)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 8 Plus (Japan/A1898)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 8 Plus (China Mobile/A1899)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone X (Verizon/Sprint/China/A1865)
64, 256 GB
1
iPhone X (AT&T/T-Mobile/Global/A1901)
64, 256 GB
1
iPhone X (Japan/A1902)
64, 256 GB
1
iPhone Xs (US/Canada/Hong Kong/A1920)
64, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone Xs (Global/A2097)
64, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone Xs (Japan/A2098)
64, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone Xs (China/A2100)
64, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone Xs Max (US/Canada/A1921)
64, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone Xs Max (Global/A2101)
64, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone Xs Max (Japan/A2102)
64, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone Xs Max (China/Hong Kong/A2104)
64, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone XR (US/Canada/A1984)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone XR (Global/A2105)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone XR (Japan/A2106)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone XR (China/Hong Kong/A2108)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 11 (US/Canada/A2111)
64, 128, 256 GB*
1
iPhone 11 (Global/A2221)
64, 128, 256 GB*
1
iPhone 11 (China/Hong Kong/A2223)
64, 128, 256 GB*
1
iPhone 11 Pro (US/Canada/A2160)
64, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 11 Pro (Global/A2215)
64, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 11 Pro (China/Hong Kong/A2217)
64, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 11 Pro Max (US/CA/A2161)
64, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 11 Pro Max (Global/A2218)
64, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 11 Pro Max (CN/HK/A2220)
64, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone SE (2 - 4.7" 2020 US/CA A2275)
64, 128, 256 GB*
1
iPhone SE (2 - 4.7" 2020 Global A2296)
64, 128, 256 GB*
1
iPhone SE (2 - 4.7" 2020 China A2298)
64, 128, 256 GB*
1
iPhone 12 mini (US/A2176)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 12 mini (Canada/Japan/A2398)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 12 mini (Global/A2399)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 12 mini (China/A2400)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 12 (US/A2172)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 12 (Canada/Japan/A2402)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 12 (Global/A2403)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 12 (China/A2404)
64, 128, 256 GB
1
iPhone 12 Pro (US/A2341)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 12 Pro (Canada/Japan/A2406)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 12 Pro (Global/A2407)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 12 Pro (China/A2408)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 12 Pro Max (US/A2342)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 12 Pro Max (Canada/Japan/A2410)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 12 Pro Max (Global/A2411)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 12 Pro Max (China/A2412)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 13 mini (US/A2481)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 13 mini (CA/MX/JP/SA/A2626)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 13 mini (Global/A2628)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 13 mini (China/A2629)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 13 mini (Russia/A2630)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 13 (US/A2482)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 13 (CA/MX/JP/SA/A2631)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 13 (Global/A2633)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 13 (China/A2634)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 13 (Russia/A2635)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 13 Pro (US/A2483)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 13 Pro (CA/MX/JP/SA/A2636)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 13 Pro (Global/A2638)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 13 Pro (China/A2639)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 13 Pro (Russia/A2640)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 13 Pro Max (US/A2484)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 13 Pro Max (CA/MX/JP/SA/A2641)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 13 Pro Max (Global/A2643)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 13 Pro Max (China/A2644)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 13 Pro Max (Russia/A2645)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone SE (3 - 4.7" 2022 US/CA A2595)
64, 128, 256 GB*
1
iPhone SE (3 - 4.7" 2022 Japan A2782)
64, 128, 256 GB*
1
iPhone SE (3 - 4.7" 2022 Global A2783)
64, 128, 256 GB*
1
iPhone SE (3 - 4.7" 2022 China A2785)
64, 128, 256 GB*
1
iPhone 14 (US/A2649)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 14 (CA/MX/JP/SA/A2881)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 14 (Global/A2882)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 14 (China/A2884)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 14 (Russia/A2883)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 14 Plus (US/A2632)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 14 Plus (CA/MX/JP/SA/A2885)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 14 Plus (Global/A2886)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 14 Plus (China/A2888)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 14 Plus (Russia/A2887)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 14 Pro (US/A2650)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 14 Pro (CA/MX/JP/SA/A2889)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 14 Pro (Global/A2890)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 14 Pro (China/A2892)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 14 Pro (Russia/A2891)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 14 Pro Max (US/A2651)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 14 Pro Max (CA/MX/JP/SA/A2893)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 14 Pro Max (Global/A2894)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 14 Pro Max (China/A2896)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 14 Pro Max (Russia/A2895)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 15 (US/A2846)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 15 (CA/MX/JP/SA/A3089)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 15 (Global/A3090)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 15 (China/A3092)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 15 Plus (US/A2847)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 15 Plus (CA/MX/JP/SA/A3093)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 15 Plus (Global/A3094)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 15 Plus (China/A3096)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 15 Pro (US/A2848)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 15 Pro (CA/MX/JP/SA/A3101)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 15 Pro (Global/A3102)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 15 Pro (China/A3104)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 15 Pro Max (US/A2849)
256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 15 Pro Max (CA/MX/JP/SA/A3105)
256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 15 Pro Max (Global/A3106)
256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 15 Pro Max (China/A3108)
256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 16 (US/A3081)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 16 (CA/MX/JP/SA/A3286)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 16 (Global/A3287)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 16 (China/A3288)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 16 Plus (US/A3082)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 16 Plus (CA/MX/JP/SA/A3289)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 16 Plus (Global/A3290)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 16 Plus (China/A3291)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 16 Pro (US/A3083)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 16 Pro (CA/MX/JP/SA/A3292)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 16 Pro (Global/A3293)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 16 Pro (China/A3294)
128, 256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 16 Pro Max (US/A3084)
256 GB, 512 GB, 1 TB
1
iPhone 16 Pro Max (CA/MX/JP/SA/A3295)
256 GB, 512 GB, 1 TB
1
iPhone 16 Pro Max (Global/A3296)
256 GB, 512 GB, 1 TB
1
iPhone 16 Pro Max (China/A3297)
256 GB, 512 GB, 1 TB
1
iPhone 16e (US/A3212)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 16e (CA/MX/SA/A3408)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 16e (Global/A3409)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 16e (China/A3410)
128, 256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 17 (US/A3258)
256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 17 (CA/MX/JP/SA/A3519)
256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 17 (Global/A3520)
256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 17 (China/A3521)
256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 17 Pro (US/A3256)
256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 17 Pro (CA/MX/JP/SA/A3522)
256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 17 Pro (Global/A3523)
256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 17 Pro (China/A3524)
256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 17 Pro Max (US/A3257)
256, 512 GB; 1, 2 TB
1
iPhone 17 Pro Max (CA/MX/JP/SA/A3525)
256, 512 GB; 1, 2 TB
1
iPhone 17 Pro Max (Global/A3526)
256, 512 GB; 1, 2 TB
1
iPhone 17 Pro Max (China/A3527)
256, 512 GB; 1, 2 TB
1
iPhone Air (US/CA/MX/SA/A3260)
256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone Air (Japan/A3516)
256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone Air (Global/A3517)
256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone Air (China/A3518)
256, 512 GB; 1 TB
1
iPhone 17e (US/CA/MX/JP/SA/A3575)
256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 17e (Global/A3634)
256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 17e (China/A3635)
256, 512 GB
1
iPhone 18 Pro (US/A3472)
256, 512 GB; 1, 2 TB
1
iPhone 18 Pro (CA/MX/JP/SA/A3713)
256, 512 GB; 1, 2 TB
1
iPhone 18 Pro (Global/A3714)
256, 512 GB; 1, 2 TB
1
iPhone 18 Pro (China/A3715)
256, 512 GB; 1, 2 TB
1
iPhone 18 Pro Max (US/A3473)
256, 512 GB; 1, 2 TB
1
iPhone 18 Pro Max (CA/MX/JP/SA/A3716)
256, 512 GB; 1, 2 TB
1
iPhone 18 Pro Max (Global/A3717)
256, 512 GB; 1, 2 TB
1
iPhone 18 Pro Max (China/A3718)
256, 512 GB; 1, 2 TB
1
iPhone Duo (US/A3447)
256, 512 GB; 1, 2 TB
1
iPhone Duo (CA/MX/JP/SA/A3719)
256, 512 GB; 1, 2 TB
1
iPhone Duo (Global/A3720)
256, 512 GB; 1, 2 TB
1
iPhone Duo (China/A3721)
256, 512 GB; 1, 2 TB
The default internal storage in all of these models cannot be upgraded beyond the amount that was installed at the time of purchase.
Remember that if you need help identifying a specific iPhone, perhaps to confirm its storage before buying one on the used market, EveryMac.com's Ultimate iLookup feature makes it easy to precisely identify each iPhone by Model Number and Order Number and by other identifiers, too. iPhone Identification may be helpful, as well.
External iPhone Storage Solutions
For those who would like to add external storage to their iPhone, it is straightforward to add a storage drive to iPhone models via the Lightning Port or USB-C Port.
All iPhone models between the iPhone 5 and iPhone 14 have a Lightning Port and all iPhone 15 and later models, including all current iPhones, have a USB-C Port. This external storage can be used to easily transfer and hold photos and videos.
Best Lightning & USB-C External iPhone Storage
Two of the best, cheap external storage options that work with nearly all iPhones are the SanDisk iXpand Flash Drive Go and SanDisk iXpand Flash Drive Luxe.
Unfortunately, as iPhone models with Lightning ports get older and market demand shrinks accordingly, these are getting harder to find.
Photo Credit: SanDisk (Go - Left; Luxe - Right)
These two devices are similar; effectively "USB sticks" with the option of 64 GB, 128 GB, or 256 GB of storage and ports on both ends.
Each device has a Lightning port on one end -- so they can be connected to an iPhone with a Lightning Port -- and a USB-A port or USB-C port on the other end -- for the Go and Luxe, respectively -- so that they can be connected to an older computer equipped with a USB-A port or a newer computer (or newer iPhone) with a USB-C port.
The SanDisk iXpand Flash Drive Luxe, in particular, because it has both Lightning and USB-C ports, is an especially convenient option because it can be used with both old and new iPhone models alike.
Best USB-C External iPhone Storage
For iPhone 15 and later iPhone models, effectively any USB-C stick would work just to transfer photos and video, so you might also like to consider simpler options like the SanDisk Phone Drive USB, with only a USB-C port and capacities up to 256 GB of storage, or the SanDisk Ultra Dual Drive Luxe, with USB-A and USB-C ports and capacities up to 1 TB.
Photo Credit: SanDisk (Phone Drive USB Type-C - Left; Dual Drive Luxe - Right)
If you need even more storage capacity, higher speed, and/or greater durability, the rugged OWC Envoy Pro mini from site sponsor Other World Computing could be perfect for you.
For the iPhone 15 Pro/iPhone 15 Pro Max -- and all later iPhone Pro and iPhone Pro Max models (but not "regular" iPhones or the iPhone Duo) -- you even can natively shoot ProRes video directly to external storage like the OWC Envoy Pro mini and not have to clog up your interior storage in the first place. Hooray!
Photo Credit: Other World Computing (Envoy Pro mini)
This fast, durable storage option is designed to be carried or worn on a lanyard, has both USB-A and USB-C ports and capacities up to 2 TB. For video production work, you really never can have too much storage.
iPhone Storage Summary
Of course, Apple would love for you to buy a new iPhone when you run out of storage, and if your iPhone is a few years old already, maybe that is the best choice for you.
However, by using one of these external storage solutions, you also have the minimum option to not only back up your personal photos and videos, but also to free up internal storage and squeeze a bit more life out of your iPhone until you decide to upgrade for reasons of performance or features rather than just storage space alone.
For recent high-end iPhone models, being able to properly shoot video directly to external storage is even better.
Site sponsor Other World Computing sells the rugged OWC Envoy Pro mini in 512 GB, 1 TB, and 2 TB capacities. Equipped with both a USB-A and USB-C port, it provides great versatility for backups and file transfers alike.
<< iPhone Q&A (Main) | iPhone Specs
Established in 1996, EveryMac.com has been created by experts with decades of experience with Apple hardware. EveryMac.com includes, and always has included, original research incorporating detailed, hands-on inspection of packaging, computers, and devices as well as extensive real-world use. All information is provided in good faith, but no website or person is perfect.
Accordingly, EveryMac.com is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind whatsoever.
EveryMac.com, and the authors thereof, shall not be held responsible or liable, under any circumstances, for any
damages resulting from the use or inability to use the information within. For complete disclaimer and copyright
information please read and understand the Terms
of Use and the Privacy Policy before
using EveryMac.com. Copying, scraping, or use of any content without expressed permission is not allowed. Links to any page are welcomed and appreciated.
